Renaissance Art And Religion

Science, Arts and the Renaissance: The case of Great Britain

 Hasan A. Yahya, Professor of Philosophy

In the Eighteenth and nineteenth century, science and art, were becoming more important especially in the physical and biological sciences where imaginative works in literature has an absolute value.  Surveying English Life in the nineteenth century concerning literature, we find Shelly, Wordsworth in the first stage The poem on “The Clouds”  for Shelley and  poem on the daffodils for Wordsworth does not affect accumulation of scientific  knowledge which can be described as more important than  law, religion, art, and letters in determining the direction  of ideas and attitude of the public at large toward accepted values of discovery made by scientific investigation.

In fact, the influence of science upon literature was far greater than the opposite. The development of experimental science was a result of an intellectual preparation, covering tens, if not hundreds of years, in which the contribution of “pure” as well as “applied” literature was of great significance.  The social conditions encourage intellectual to excel in their field of genre. Scientific investigation could hardly progressed if society did  not valued freedom of thought, which cannot be  made without political liberty which is first embedded in law and civil institutions.

Other fields of investigation such as history, and  natural sciences. Scientists were  using in the investigation of nature method similar to those manufacturers and business people  were using in industry and commerce. That means methods of rational calculation and measurement.  In other words they were using quantitative methods, which exclude reference s to the authority, habits, cultural judgment of the past. Such progress in the presuppositions in the fields of astrology, astronomy, alchemy and inorganic chemistry were different from earlier times of the middle ages.

The general intellectual phenomena of the age was in fact, supported by integration of the social, economic and political spheres. The contribution of science by applying the scientific methods of investigation had its own stamp in England.  The economic sector in the country depended heavily on individual contribution using applied science, where conditions allowed and encouraged researchers efforts with no constraint from authority and culture in the process benefitting the government and administration as well the  public health . Compared scientific progress with the eighteenth century, with the 19th century, was more productive and constructive, for simple reason, the 18th century was providing data which conflicted with received ideas of conduct and belief.  The 19th century was  in terms of sciences, set the tone and determined  the  attitude of investigation with no obstacles other than logical and reasoning methods.

The method of progress in almost all sciences concerning the social, economic and political  aspects of life were applying hypothesis, verification, and formulation of laws based upon recorded and certified experiences, especially the the application of the experimental and mathematical methods of dynamics to other subjects as physics, Chemistry, and biology.

Research projects were subscribed early in the nineteenth century by several specialized sectors of the economy, agriculture, medicine, and construction agencies. Since the establishment of The British Association for the Advancement of sciences  in 1831, the conferences held for its members representing different scientific societies. The British association  adopted publication of research done on agriculture showing the relationships between the growth of plants and the chemical qualities of the soil. (Liebig, 1840) Later the college of chemistry was absorbed by the Royal college of Mines. 

This was only an example of sectors sponsorship of research, the state became the main sponsor for research missions needed fro the British domination of far lands in India through East India Company which maintained stations in many Indian cities such as Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.  The opening of the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope made astronomical studies  needed not only for navigation but for the rapidly developing work of cartography and land surveying. Geology was necessary as practical importance for map-makers and for mining prospectors and for security of trade purposes .   The British Navy was responsible for producing maps,  to provide necessary protection of trade, not only for the coasts of the United States and the French Empire, but to all the sea coasts all over the world.

In the 1850, the accumulation of “craftsmen” in all areas of science, the skills of individual designers, and methods of trial and error had done more for the development of industry in Great Britain than any planned collaboration with scientists. No renaissance may begin in the Arab countries without symptoms of Arts and science.(753 words). www.askdryahya.com .

About the Author

Dr. Hasan A. Yahya is a writer, scholar, and professor of philosophy,  graduated from Michigan State University with  2 Ph.d degrees. He published 53 books plus (40 Arabic and 13 English), and 240 plus articles on sociology, religion, psychology, politics, poetry, and short stories. Philosophically, his writings concern logic, justice and human rights worldwide. Dr. Yahya is the author of Crescentologism: The Moon Theory,  and  Islam Finds its Way, on Amazon. He’s an expert on Race Relations and Arab and Islamic cultures, he is also, interested in religion, world affairs and  global strategic planning for justice. www.dryahyatv.com

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